Implementing the convention on cluster munitions human. They are dropped from the air or fired from the ground and are designed to break open in midair, releasing the submunitions and saturating an area that can be as wide as several. These weapons have killed or injured tens of thousands of civilians in waraffected countries. The 2008 convention on cluster munitions is a legally binding international treaty that comprehensively prohibits the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of. Cluster munitions and their submunitionsa personal view. Commonly, this is a cluster bomb that ejects explosive bomblets that are designed to kill personnel and destroy vehicles. Convention sur les armes a sousmunitions kohbehuidi no kaccethbim 60enphnacam convenci6n sobre municiones en racimo. As of 26 september 2018, a total of 120 states have joined the convention, as 104 states parties and 16 signatories. The 2008 convention on cluster munitions was adopted by 107 states on 30 may 2008 at a specially convened diplomatic conference. Germany introduced a draft definition of cluster munitions in talks within the convention on certain conventional weapons in march 2006. The adoption of the convention on cluster munitions is a recognition of cluster munitions terrible and unacceptable consequences for civilian populations.
Convention on cluster munitions international treaty. The act prohibits the use, development, production, acquisition, possession, import, export, as well as foreign movement for the purpose of transferring ownership and control of cluster munitions. Cluster munitions are characterized as bombs or shells that consist of an outer casing that houses dozens, or even hundreds, of smaller submunitions. Fact sheet convention on cluster munitions the convention on cluster munitions ccm was opened for signature in oslo on 3 december 2008 and entered into force on 1 august 2010. Convention on cluster munitions and women, peace and security 1 mainstreaming gender into mine action is necessary for effective and efficient implementation of the convention on cluster munitions ccm and it helps states meet their obligations under the united nations security council. Other cluster munitions are designed to destroy runways or electric power transmission lines, disperse chemical or biological weapons, or to scatter. Cluster munitions, cluster bombs human rights watch. Implementation of the convention on cluster munitions. In may 2008, more than 100 states adopted the convention on cluster munitions, which prohibits the use, development, production, stockpiling and transfer of such munitions. The united states shares the concerns of many states regarding the unintended harm to civilians caused by the use of cluster munitions. Cluster munition means a conventional munition that is designed to disperse or release explosive submunitions each weighing less than 20 kilograms, and.
The convention was adopted on 30 may 2008 in dublin, and was opened for signature on 3 december 2008 in oslo. In addition to these countries surveyed here that have enacted legislation, many other states parties to the cluster munitions convention have issued ministerial or interpretive statements to the effect that investment in production of cluster munitions is prohibited by the convention. The convention on cluster munitions the ccm is the international treaty of more than 100 states that addresses the humanitarian consequences and unacceptable harm caused to civilians by cluster munitions, through a categorical prohibition and a framework for action. While these talks have raised some useful issues, discussions have largely. Hot topic cluster munitions legislation implications october 2011 convention on cluster munitions ccm the convention on cluster munitions ccm was introduced in dublin, ireland in may 2008 where it was adopted by 107 countries and implemented on august 1st, 2010. The convention also sets legal precedent in three ways. At the end of 2018, 79% of known areas contaminated with cluster munitions had been cleared and released to endusers. The dublin diplomatic conference for the adoption of a convention on cluster munitions was held at dublin from 19 to 30 may 2008. The negotiators rejected proposals for broad exceptions from the ban and for a transition period during which cluster munitions could still be used. Munitions convention have issued ministerial or interpretive statements to the effect that investment in production of cluster munitions is prohibited by the convention. It is a landmark in the efforts to address the suffering that these weapons cause. May 30, 2008 convention on cluster munitions, 30 may 2008 state parties 108 state signatories after decades of seeing civilians suffer with each new use of cluster munitions, and in the face of an inadequate response in other fora, norway launched the oslo process on cluster munitions in february 2007 by inviting governments supporting the. The diplomatic conference for the adoption of a convention on cluster munitions was held from 19 to 30 may 2008, in dublin.
In may 2008, 107 states concluded an international treaty prohibitingthese weapons. The convention on cluster munitions entered into force on 1 august 2010, six months after it was ratified by 30 states. Treaties, states parties, and commentaries convention on. The cmc calls for universal adherence to the convention on cluster munitions. On december 3rd, 2008 lebanon signed the convention on cluster munitions. Cluster munitions do not distinguish between civilians and combatants and can leave behind unexploded ordnance which can harm civilians and be detrimental to economic and social development for decades after use. Convention sur les armes a sous munitions kohbehuidi no kaccethbim 60enphnacam convenci6n sobre municiones en racimo. The convention on cluster munitions bans all use, production, transfer and stockpiling of cluster munitions. Controversial weapons are those that are either prohibited under international conventions or are deemed particularly. The convention entered into force on 1 august 2010. This report describes the laws of eight european countriesbelgium, ireland, italy, liechtenstein, luxembourg, the netherlands, spain, and switzerlandthat prohibit investment in certain controversial weapons. Although the convention on cluster munitions prohibits all cluster munitions used to date see chapter 2, as with all weapons, the use of any cluster munitions in armed conflict is. Model law convention on cluster munitions the convention on. The convention on cluster munitions ccm prohibits all use, stockpiling, production and transfer of cluster munitions.
Belgium signed the convention on cluster munitions on 3 december 2008 and rati. The 2008 convention on cluster munitions prohibits the use, production, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster munitions. Convention text the convention on cluster munitions. General assembly resolution 6371 of 2 december 2008 convention on cluster munitions. Convention on cluster munitions ccm15 described as frustrated with the ccw process, a number of ccw membersled by norway initiated negotiations in 2007 outside of the ccw to ban cluster munitions. Certain weapons containing submunitions are allowed under the convention on cluster munitions, such as weapons with submunitions designed for smoke, flare, and electronic countermeasures. The cmc is committed to the 2008 convention on cluster munitions as the best framework for ending the use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of cluster munitions and for destroying stockpiles, clearing contaminated areas, and assisting affected communities.
Although the convention on cluster munitions prohibits all cluster munitions used to date see chapter 2, as with all weapons, the use of any cluster munitions in armed conflict is regulated by the general rules of international. Convention on cluster munitions the states parties to this convention, deeply concerned that civilian populations and individual civilians continue to bear the brunt of armed conflict, determined to put an end for all time to the suffering and casualties caused by cluster munitions. It was ratified on november 5th, 2010 and it entered into force on may 1st, 2011. The convention on cluster munitions ccm is an international treaty that prohibits the use. Convention on cluster munitions tke states parties to this convention, deeply concerned that civilian populations and individual civilians continue to bear the brunt of armed conflict, determined to put an end for all time to the suffering and casualties caused by cluster munitions at the time of their use, when they fail to function. Convention on cluster munitions, international treaty, adopted by more than 100 countries on may 30, 2008, that prohibited the manufacture, transfer, and use of cluster munitions. Implementation of the convention on cluster munitions unog. These are the sources and citations used to research convention on cluster munitions. Convention on cluster munitions international committee of. Convention on cluster munitions convention on cluster munitions determined also to ensure the full realisation of the rights of all cluster munition victims and recognising their inherent dignity, resolved to do their utmost in providing assistance to clus ter munition victims, including medical care, rehabilitation and.
The convention on cluster munitions is a historic achievement. Convention on cluster munitions opens for signature taken. Cluster munitions are weapons that open in midair and scatter submunitions, which usually number in the dozens or hundreds, into an area. The ccm will be opened for signature on december 3, 2008 ccm, article 15. Laws prohibiting investments in controversial weapons. The convention on cluster munitions is a humanitarian imperativedriven legal instrument which prohibits all use, production, transfer and stockpiling of cluster munitions.
Convention on cluster munitions convention on cluster munitions stressing the role of public conscience in furthering the principles of humanity as evidenced by the global call for an end to civilian suffering caused by cluster munitions and recognising the efforts to that end undertaken by the united nations, the. The negotiators rejected proposals for broad exceptions from the ban and for a transition period during which cluster munitions could still be. Convention on cluster munitions e united nations office at. Declaration to forward the text of the draft cluster munitions convention as the basic proposal for consideration at the dublin diplomatic conference, together with the compendium of additional proposals. In 2008, the convention on cluster munitions was adopted by over 100 countries. All participating governments unanimously adopted a new treatythe convention on cluster munitions. Its legislation was adopted even before the convention on cluster munitions came about. The convention on cluster munitions ccm is an international treaty that prohibits the use, transfer, and stockpiling of cluster bombs, a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions bomblets over an area.
Technical and functionally descriptive definitions of cluster munitions exist, but there is as yet no common legal understanding of the weapon among states. It also requires destruction of stockpiles, clearance of. More than onequarter of the states parties to the convention on cluster munitions have adopted national implementation legislation, but much work remains to be done in this area. It also requires destruction of stockpiles, clearance of areas contaminated.
The united states should not join the convention on. Operational and technical aspects of cluster munitions. Convention on cluster munitions arms control association. The convention on cluster munitions the ccm is the. The 2008 convention on cluster munitions prohibits use, development, production, stockpiling, and transfer of cluster munitions, as defined. Convention on cluster munitions, 30 may 2008 state parties 108 state signatories after decades of seeing civilians suffer with each new use of cluster munitions, and in the face of an inadequate response in other fora, norway launched the oslo process on cluster munitions in february 2007 by inviting governments supporting the. It established new legal norms on the production, stockpiling, and use of cluster munitions cms, and is admirably comprehensive in terms of protection, obliging states parties to.
Cluster munitions, often called cluster bombs, are weapons made up of a hollow shell which contain smaller bombs called submunitions. This act entered into force on 16 march 2015 and canada ratified the convention on cluster munitions that same day. Convention on cluster munitions political science bibliographies in harvard style. Convention on cluster munitions convention on cluster munitions determined also to ensure the full realisation of the rights of all cluster munition victims and recognising their inherent dignity, resolved to do their utmost in providing assistance to clus ter munition. In addition, it establishes a framework for cooperation and assistance to ensure adequate assistance to survivors and their communities, clearance of contaminated areas. Introduction the recent convention on cluster munitions ccm, convention1 is the latest attempt by the international community to humanize the conduct of war. On may 30, 2008, delegates at the dublin diplomatic conference on cluster munitions adopted the convention on cluster munitions ccm, a new treaty that seeks to ban the use, development, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, and transfer of cluster munitions. Using the 2008 convention on cluster munitions as its principal frame of reference, the report covers global trends in ban policy and practice, contamination and clearance, cluster munition casualties, and efforts to guarantee the rights and meet the needs of cluster munition victims. However, it has become clear from the rate of square meters. The convention bans the use, development, production, stockpiling and transfer of cluster munitions.
Msci esg research hot topic cluster munitions october 2011. The convention on cluster munitions is a misbegotten treaty that neither advances the laws of war nor enhances security. Ebook or pdf edited book email encyclopedia article govt. Recalling its resolutions 6371 of 2 december 2008 on the. Apr 23, 2020 convention on cluster munitions, international treaty, adopted by more than 100 countries on may 30, 2008, that prohibited the manufacture, transfer, and use of cluster munitions.
The convention on cluster munitions ccm is a remarkable achievement on disarmament, which is a particularly contentious area of international law. Convention on cluster munitions e united nations office. The purpose of the convention is to provide a comprehensive international response to the suffering caused by the use of cluster munitions and. Cluster munitions have been a persistent problem for decades. Sep 06, 2016 more than onequarter of the states parties to the convention on cluster munitions have adopted national implementation legislation, but much work remains to be done in this area. The convention on cluster munitions and the evolution of international humanitarian law bonnie docherty abstract the 2008 convention on cluster munitions comprehensively bans a weapon that causes civilian casualties both during and after attacks. Concerned that cluster munition remnants kill or maim civilians. Each weapon can contain from several to hundreds of explosive submunitions. Adoption of the convention on cluster munitions asil. Convention on cluster munitions the states parties to this convention, deeply concerned that civilian populations and individual civilians continue to bear the brunt of armed conflict, determined to put an end for all time to the suffering and casualties caused by cluster munitions at the time of their use, when they fail to function as intended or when they. Boothby, weapons and the law of armed conflict, oxford university press, oxford, 2009. In the view of the norwegian government, cluster munitions violate the geneva conventions prohibition against indiscriminate weapons and the principle of proportionality, that is to say they. Convention on cluster munitions the states parties to this convention, deeply concerned that civilian populations and individual civilians continue to bear the brunt of armed conflict, determined to put an end for all time to the suffering and casualties caused by cluster munitions at the time of their use, when they fail to function as intended or when they are abandoned.
Colm o floinn, who was designated by the government of ireland to serve as secretarygeneral of the diplomatic conference. Cluster munitions are characterized as bombs or shells that consist of an outer. Declaration of the oslo conference on cluster munitions, oslo, 2223 february 2007. The strength of the treaty is largely due to the prohibition on cluster munitions as an entire category of weapons.
Under the terms of the convention, a number of responsibilities have. A cluster munition is a form of airdropped or groundlaunched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller submunitions. By the end of 2008, ninetyfive states had signed the convention on cluster. According to the convention on cluster munitions, cluster munition means a conventional munition that is designed to disperse or release explosive submunitions each weighing less than 20 kilograms and includes those explosive submunitions. The convention on cluster munitions and the evolution of.
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